TERMS OF REFERENCE FOR EXPERT WORKINGGROUP ON "MONITORING, DATACOLLECTION AND POLLUTION CONTROL"

1. BACKGROUND

The environmental problem has now become a global issue of major importance. The economic development strategy of the international community is in the transition towards a new model of organic combination and coordinated development of economy and environment. The International Conference on the Integration of Economic Development and Environment held on October 22 - 24, 1990 has pushed for the founding of the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development. It is a high-level consultative body consisting of environmental specialists, which provides the Chinese Government with constructive opinions and suggestions concerning coordinated development of economy and environment, and raises from the international community more support and assistance (in science, technology and finance) to environmental protection undertakings in China.

In accordance with the requirement, the Council will set up expert working group s in the following five areas: Energy strategy and technology; monitoring, data collection and pollution control; scientific and technological development and training; protection of biological diversity; resources accounting and price policy. the expert working groups will select the key issues within these fields and get approval from the Council, then start investigation and research so as to provide a basis and support to the Council in forwarding suggestions.

2. GOALS FOR THE EXPERT WORKING GROUP ON MONITRING,

DATA COLLECTION AND POLLUTIO N CONTROL

Considering the pressing problems in realization of a coordinated development of economy and environment, the group will choose "China in distrait development and pollution control strategy and monitoring information optimization management system" as a research subject for the next five years. The subject will be divided into the following three aspects: "optimized composition design for China's environmental network", 'target system of coordinated development for China's economy and environment and China's industry pollution control information system" and "study on strategic problems of China's industrial and pollution control". A systematic report will be submitted as a basis for the Council to provide reference to the Government for its decisionmaking. (See the attached Form 1)

3. SERVICE SCOPE OF THE EXPERT WORKING GROUP

3.1 The General Conception of the Research Work

This group has a large coverage of work, involving the basic work (e. g. monitoring) of the coordinated development of China's economy and environment and the important means (e. g. the pollution control, management target system and information system). According to the conditions in China it is an imminent task in environmental protection to control the increasing pollution brought about in the process of economic development. Therefore, the working group holds that we must make industrial development and pollution control as the main goal and start in both cities and the countryside, control as the main goal and start in both cities and the countryside, and proceed from system reform and standardization, lay a solid foundation for environment monitoring through optimizing monitoring network, develop in the joint sections between development and environment, and establish new target system and information system for industrial pollution to push for further progress in the integrated development of economy with environment. The research work should be conducted for macro policy-making with stress on software scientific research through full utilization of findings already achieved, coordination between different departments for solution of the most difficult subjects and learning from advanced experience of other countries so as to put forth suggestions or plans for operation.

3.2 Initial Design of the Study Subjects of the Group

As shown in Table 1, Deputy Administrator of the National Environmental Protection Agency, the leader of the working group and senior engineer, Mr. Jing Jianming is in charge of the study of China's industrial development and pollution control and monitoring and information optimized management system.

3.2.1 Study of the optimized combination design of the environment monitoring network.

3.2.1.1 Purpose

The environment monitoring is the eyes of the environmental protection work and a kind of means to supervise on the enforcement of laws. And timely and accurate reflection of environment qualities the basis for strategic policy making for a sustained development.

In the past more than ten years, three systems and more than ten national monitoring networks in two categories have been set up due to the investment by many departments in improvement of environment monitoring (a system in the Environment al Protection Agency, more than 30,000 people working in 2043 class-4 stations; a system in resource department including water conservancy, oceans, mines, weather, agriculture and health department, more than 20,000 people work in 2000 stations and six national monitoring networks; pollution source monitoring system in industrial sector, industrial departments such as metallurgy, chemical industry , light industry, textile, railway and nuclear industry have set up monitoring c enters or networks).

All theses stations or network are operated and managed by different industries or departments, so it is not easy to coordinate them, They need manpower, fund, new technology and facilities to start new projects and improve their work, in order to meet the demands in the environmental management. The boundaries between departments or in dustries should be broken down, so as to share information and reduce the cost. Coordination should be made in the system, management and tech neology for the purpose of reforming the system, learning international experiences, optimizing the combustion, and sharing the information, so that complete monitoring be conducted, and for the propose of standardizing the monitoring technology and increasing the reliability and comparativeness of the monitored data. This related to the restructuring of departments concerned and the basis of the environmental management, therefore, we should design the optimized combination of the monitoring network in our research.

3.2.1.2 Research scope

- present situation and problems in environment monitoring network in China;

- installation and operation of environment monitoring network in other countries;

- feasibility study of the structural reform in environment morning network in China;

- study of standardization management in China (including monitoring project, optimizing location of the stations, monitoring frequency and cycle, monitoring means, monitoring QA/QC data processing and information delivery);

- analysis of investment/efficiency in environment monitoring in China;

- study of the optimized designs of environment monitoring network in China.

3.2.1.3 Technological route

composition of technological standardization

environment monitoring of environment monitoring

network network

whether the operation whether it can meet

can be smoothly carried the requirement of

out in a coordinated environmental management

manner

whether the structural whether the standardization

reform is feasible can fit in with conditions

in the country

whether the cost is whether the cost is the

the minimum minimum

optimized design of environment monitoring network

environment monitoring information system

support system for environmental management and policy-making

coordinated development of environment and economy

3.2.1.4 Organizations and people responsible for the work

The Monitoring, Data Collection and Environment Control Expert Working Group:

Fang Keding: a group leader and research fellow of the office of Central Structure Committee

Liang Xiyan: Senior engineer of Beijing Environment Monitoring Centre

Chen Changde: Professor of Beijing University

National Environmental Protection Agency

Liu Quanyi: Senior engineer, Chief of Monitoring Division of Development and Supervision Department

General Station of China Environment Monitoring

Beijing Environment Monitoring Centre

Monitoring stations of the National Environmental Protection Agency and monitoring divisions and stations of industrial and non-industrial departments

3.2.1.5 Time Schedule

1992: Collect and analyse data and make initial proposals concerning reform in t he monitoring network.

1993 - 1994: Start all the work in full swing.

1995: Compile the report on the final results of research in the subject matter.

3.2.1.6 The organizations to be contacted with: State Bureau of Metrology; Chine se Academy of Sciences; the departments which have set up environment monitoring networks.

3.2.1.7 Funds: ××× yuan is required.

3.2.1.8 Achievements

Achievements at disorient stages:

-the present conditions and problems in China's environmental protection system, resource system and industrial environment monitoring network (to be submitted in 1993);

-the initial proposals for the optimized composition of the national environment monitoring network (to be submitted in 1993).

Final achievement:

-The design of the optimized composition of China's environment monitoring network (to be submitted in 1995).

3.2.2 Study of the target system for the coordinated development of the economy and environment in China

3.2.2.1 Purpose and significance:

The target system is a key factor in the management and provides guidance for the economic and social development. A scientific and rational target system can promote the economic and social development, but if the target system is not rational, it may lead the economic and social development astray. The study of the environment target conducted in the past only resulted in physical and local targets which could neither be compared nor linked with each other, owing to a lack of systematic studies and standardization in the target system. The targets only presented the description of the quantity of material objects and did not contain any comprehensive evaluation. They were not linked with the economic and social targets, therefore, it was difficult for the whole target system to accurately reflect the relations between the general quality of the environment and the economic and social development. Consequently, factors of environment and resources were not represented in the national economic accounting. This subject matter will focus on the establishment of a complete target system for the economy and development (see the diagram) so as to accurately evaluate the quality of the environment, the cost and efficiency in prevention of environmental pollution and ecological damage and their impact on the economy and society, and to promote t he coordinated development of the economy, society and environment.

Block Diagram for the Environment Target System

system of national economic statistic target and accounting target

top-level target

social and economic target for environment

medium-level target

target for analysis and evaluation of environment

basic level target

descriptive target for survey of environment

target series of target series of target series of

physical system: ecological system: resources:

weather target ecological structure target energy target

atmosphere target ecological function target mineral resources target

water target ecological efficiency target water resources target

soil target land resources target

noise target forest resources target

solid waste target pasture resources target animal and plant resources target

3.2.2.2 Contents for study

-Basic level target

Design of targets for description and survey on environment and metrological research.

The descriptive targets, which can reflect the general condition of the environment, will be selected and designed in terms of physical, ecological and resource systems and the statistics will be made in pilot provinces and cities or all over China.

-Medium-level target

Design of targets for analysis and evaluation of environment and meteorological research.

The basic level target should be calculated in a standardized way, so that it will become a composite target which reflects the general quality of the environment and evaluation should be conducted in a pilot province or city to see if the above-mentioned targets can reflect the general quality and condition of environment, ecology and resources.

-Top-level target

Design of economic and social targets for environment and meteorological research. Environment targets will be converted into social and economic targets by means of application of theory and methods of resource economics and environment economics, and brought into the national economic accounting system and social development statistical series, which will lead to designing of a new kind of accounting tables and statistical tables.

Establishment of data and program bases for the target system of coordinated development of China's economy and environment. The conversion and calculation between the targets should be standardized for the purpose of easy operation and pulverization.

3.2.2.3 The technological route is as shown above. In the research work, the lea ding group for the subject matter, advising group and working group for the subject matter, advising group and working group will be organized in a unified way; for the contents of research, the study of the government, study on methodology and design should be coordinated, and the specialists group should consist of members doing natural science, social science or managerial science.

3.2.2.4 Organization and people responsible for the work

The Expert Working Group on Monitoring, Data Collection and Pollution Control

Chen Changda: Professor of Beijing University

The Research Centre of Environmental and Economic Policies of the National Environmental Protection Agency

Li Jingchang: Research Follow and a leader of the subject matter

3.2.2.5 Time schedule

1992: Preparation, organization of subject matter and raising funds will be conducted from January to June. Research on material and study of theory and method will be carried out from June to December.

1993: The target system for coordinated development of economy and environment will be designed, data be collected and processed, statistical tables be filled and data and program bases be built.

1994: Evaluation of pilot units and writing report. The experts will examine, re vise and submit it to serve as part of the general report.

3.2.2.6 Organizations to be contacted with : the State Commission for Science an d Technology, the State Statistic Bureau, the State Planning Commission, ministries concerned and environmental protection bureaus in pilot provinces and cities.

3.2.2.7 Funds: a total sum of ××× yuan.

3.2.2.8. Achievements

Achievements at different stages:

-A compilation of existing data of target system of coordinated development of t he economy and environment will be submitted in 1993.

-Statistical table for target system of coordinated development of the economy and environment will be submitted in 1994.

-Data and program base for the target system of coordinated development of economy and environment will be submitted in 1994.

-A compilation of statistics of the target system of coordinated development of economy and environment will be submitted in 1995.

Final achievements

-Study report of the target system of coordinated development of China's economy and environment will be submitted in 1995.

*The scope of the subject matter of target system of coordinated development of economy and environment is beyond this group, therefore, we suggest it be an independent subject for all the four groups.

Diagram of Technological Route for Research

Study of environment target system

organize study group for the subjects

specify objects for each study group

gather information concerning developments in research

in both China and other countries

study on theory and method

design of environmental target system

expert evaluation and soliciting opinions

rational

collect and sort out data and set up data base

fill in forms

had

expert evaluation

rational

trial operation in concerned provinces and cities

compile report

expert examination and approval

revise

submit the final report

3.2.3 Information system of industrial pollution control in China

3.2.3.1 Purpose and significance

Information gathering is an important means in making decisions, and the quantity and quality of the information, the ways by which the information is used (for statistics, imitation, prediction and planning) and demonstrated (in words, tables, diagrams and pictures) have an important hearing on the correctness and timing of policy making.

During the Seventh Five-Year Plan, some progress has been made, but in comparison with the advanced countries, we lay far behind in information gathering, processing and delivery. The information concerned with economic development ant the information of the impact of market economy and establishment of Special Economic Zones on the environment quality has not been gathered and processed adequately; delivery of information between different sectors in the country and between the state and the provinces and municipalities is not without disruption; some information is gathered repeatedly, some stay idle and research reports are store d writing. When situation changes, the parameters cannot be effectively used repeatedly. We must establish industrial pollution control system, store valuable achievements in computer and use the parameters of management in order to better serve research on strategies for industrial development and pollution control as well as environmental management.

3.2.3.2 Content for study

-gather and process the policy models of industrial pollution control;

-gather information about new problems arising in the process of reform and opening up, such as introduction, spread and control of pollution, unfixed price and environment quality in SEZs and conduct math simulation;

-develop information system for information delivery and sharing between department and between state and pilot provinces or cities.

3.2.3.3 Technological route

The research work is arranged on the basis of establishing an information system for pollution control which has dynamic supplementary support function for policy-making.

3.2.3.4 Organizations and people responsible for the study Monitoring, Data Collection and Pollution Control Expert Working Group.

Duan Ning: Doctor, China Environmental Science Institute.

The National Environmental Protection Agency.

Jiang Xing: Engineer, Chief of Information Division, Planning Dept. of NEPA.

The China Environmental Science Institute

3.2.3.5 Time Schedule

1992: methodological study and system analysis

1993: analysis of data needed and study of information delivery

1994: development of mode for data gathering system

1995: sum-up and write about the final achievements

3.2.3.6. Organizations to be contacted with: the State Planning Commission, Production Office of the State Council, industrial departments, governments of the pilot provinces and cities.

3.2.3.7 Funds: The total sum of ××× yuan is required.

3.2.3.8 Achievements

Achievements at different stages:

-Analysis of strategic studies and policy making support system for pollution control will be submitted in 1993.

-Report on industrial pollution control, evaluation, prediction, planning and de elopement of math models will be submitted in 1994.

-Report on data collection and parameter evaluation of industrial pollution control will be submitted in 199.

-Report on pollution control and support system for strategic studies and policy making in pilot provinces will be submitted in 1996.

Final achievements:

-Report on pollution control and support system for strategic studies and policy making in China will be submitted in 1996.

3.2.4 Study of industrial development, pollution control and strategic problems in China.

3.2.4.1 Purpose and significance:

The period of Eighth and Ninth Five-Year Plans is vital in China's economic development. How to prevent industrial pollution in combination with industrial development of the national economy and overall environment quality. The new problem s arising in the process of reform and opening up should be studied from all aspects, so as to formulate suitable strategic policies and to control pollution.

The township enterprise grows from the conditions in China, and its output value takes up one third of the total output value of industry in China since 1980's. it has become the mainstay of the economy in the countryside and employed 92,60 0,000 people. the development of township enterprise also brings about pollution . There are 570,000 township pollution enterprises. Their heavy metal discharge takes up 31% in the total heavy metal discharge in China; COD discharge of waste water in paper making is 69.8% in the total paper making industry; small clay coke, sulphur and fertilizer plants have heavily polluted some areas in the country. It brooks on delay to start the strategic study of township enterprise development and pollution control for the purpose of protecting ecological environment in the countryside.

The effective way to control pollution is to develop and use resources rationally. Let's take sulphur resource as an example. SO2 discharged by industry leads t o acid rain and reduction of output in agriculture on one hand, and sulphur is imported into China every year on the other hand. If we can analyse the development and utilization of multi-phosphorus technology and propose rational utilization of recovered to make phosphate fertilizer, the pollution can be reduced and disproportion between nitrogen and phosphorus of fertilizer be solved, and this will help to increase output in agriculture and reach the unification of environment and development so as to provide basis for the planning departments in their policy making.

3.2.4.2 Contents of study

-study of China's industrial development and layout and changing industrial structure for pollution control;

-study of the total quantity control of the main polluting industries and technological and economic evaluation of the whole process of pollution control on source of industrial pollution;

-study of economic mechanism of the market and strategy for pollution control;

-study of the impact of international loans for environmental protection and introduction of technology on pollution control in China;

-evaluation of the features of the pollution source of township enterprise and environmental pollution of key industries, areas and towns and analysis of the trends of township enterprise development and pollution in China;

-study of plans, policies and environmental management of the township enterprise;

-evaluation of new technology in the main polluting township enter prises;

-study of rational utilization of sulphur resource (including evaluation of recovering sulphur from "three wastes", compiling sulphur source balanced chart and selection of rational utilization).

3.2.4.3 Organizations and people responsible for the study

Monitoring, Data Collection and Pollution Control Experts Working Group

Jing Jianming: Deputy Director of the NEPA, and senior engineer(professor)

The National Environmental Protection Agency

Wu Baozhong: Deputy Bureau Director of Pollution Control, senior engineer

Lu Changmiao: Bureau of Science and Technology Standard, senior engineer (profess or)

Lou Ping: Chief of Division of Township Enterprise Administration, the Nature Protection Bureau, engineer

The State Planning Commission, Production Office of the State Council and industrial departments of the International Consultancy Company

3.2.4.4 Time schedule

1992: —collect and sort out material

—Put forth a draft of strategy for pollution control in township enterprise

—select the best desulphurized technology

1993-1994:—start work on the subject matter

—select the operating technology in pollution control by township enterprise and set up target system

—study the feasibility of rationalization of sulphur resources

1995:—submit research reports for subject matters 1-4 and final achievement rep ort for subject matters 5-8

3.2.4.5 Organizations and people responsible for the study: Institutions of industrial sectors, organization sunder under the Ministry of Agriculture and the National Environmental Protection Agency and institutions in the provinces and cities concerned.

3.2.4.6 Funds :a sum of×××yuan,

3.2.4.7 Achievements

Achievements at different stages:

—draft proposal for total quantity control of the main polluting industries will be submitted in 1993

—study report on rational utilization of sulphur resource in China will be submitted in 1995

3.3 The Experts Working Group Will Make Contacts with the Following Units or Organizations in its Work

3.3.1 The State Planning Commission, the State Commission for Science and Technology. The State Commission for Restructuring the Economic System. the Production Office of the State Council, industrial sectors, the Ministry of Agriculture, the State Bureau of Metrology and the State Meteorogical Administration.

3.3.2 The departments and divisions concerned in the NEPA should get directly involved in the work of this group such as providing guidance. Selection of study subject and application of the results in order to consolidate the practical results of the research.

3.3.3 Local governments, including municipal and county governments in pilot provinces and cities.

3.3.4 Research institutions. Such as the Chinese Academy of Sciences, universities and institutions of NEPA and ministries concerned.

3.4 Relationship Between the Expert Working Group and the China Council for International Cooperation on Environment and Development

This working group will carry out the work entrusted by the Council, submit term s of reference and report its work to the Council.

This working group will share information and cooperate with other four groups in its work, for the subject matters of a working group cannot be totally separate d from those of other groups and only by common efforts of the five groups can all the subject matters be accomplished successfully.